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1 drop โ‰ˆ 0.05 milliliter

1 milliliter โ‰ˆ 20 drops

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๐Ÿ“š

ืชื™ืขื•ื“

ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื: ื”ืžืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืœืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื•ืžื“ืขื™ืช

ื”ืงื“ืžื”

ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื (ืž"ืœ) ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื• ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ื”. ื”ืžืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”. ื˜ื™ืคื” ืื—ืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืœ-0.05 ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื, ืื ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฆืžื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื˜ืคื˜ืคืช. ื”ืžืžื™ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืกืคืง ื“ืจืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ืืžื™ื ื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื”ืžืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžื™ื“, ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื.

ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื” ืกืคืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื™ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช, ืื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ืข ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ื”ืžืจื” ืฉืœืš. ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื, ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช.

ื ื•ืกื—ืช ื”ืžืจื” ื•ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘

ื”ืžืจื” ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ืขื•ืงื‘ืช ืื—ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜:

1ย ื˜ื™ืคื”โ‰ˆ0.05ย ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ืย (ืž"ืœ)1 \text{ ื˜ื™ืคื”} \approx 0.05 \text{ ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื (ืž"ืœ)}

ืื• ืœื”ืคืš:

1ย ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจย (ืž"ืœ)โ‰ˆ20ย ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช1 \text{ ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจ (ืž"ืœ)} \approx 20 \text{ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช}

ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืžื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื, ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืกื—ื”:

ื ืคื—ย ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื=ืžืกืคืจย ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืชร—0.05\text{ื ืคื— ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื} = \text{ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช} \times 0.05

ื•ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžืจื” ืžืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืช:

ืžืกืคืจย ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช=ื ืคื—ย ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ืร—20\text{ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช} = \text{ื ืคื— ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื} \times 20

ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื

ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ื”ืžืจื” ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืกืคืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื:

  1. ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ:

    • ืฆืžื™ื’ื•ืช: ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืกืžื™ื›ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
    • ืžืชื— ืฉื˜ื—: ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช
    • ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”: ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื”
  2. ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืคื˜ืคืช:

    • ืงื•ื˜ืจ ื”ืคืชื—: ืคืชื—ื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
    • ื—ื•ืžืจ: ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื”
    • ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘: ื˜ืคื˜ืคื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื˜ืคื˜ืคื•ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช
  3. ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื”:

    • ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืคื˜ืคืช
    • ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœ
    • ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื”

ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ืคื˜ืคื•ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื˜ืคื˜ืคื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืกืคืง ื‘ืขืจืš 20 ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื.

ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘

  1. ื”ืžืจืช 15 ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื:

    • ื ืคื— (ืž"ืœ) = 15 ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ร— 0.05 ืž"ืœ/ื˜ื™ืคื” = 0.75 ืž"ืœ
  2. ื”ืžืจืช 2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืช:

    • ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช = 2.5 ืž"ืœ ร— 20 ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช/ืž"ืœ = 50 ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช
  3. ื”ืžืจืช 8 ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื:

    • ื ืคื— (ืž"ืœ) = 8 ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ร— 0.05 ืž"ืœ/ื˜ื™ืคื” = 0.4 ืž"ืœ
  4. ื”ืžืจืช 0.25 ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืช:

    • ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช = 0.25 ืž"ืœ ร— 20 ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช/ืž"ืœ = 5 ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช

ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืฉืœื‘-ืื—ืจ-ืฉืœื‘ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืžื™ืจ

ื”ืžืžื™ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืงืœ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ. ืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืžืจื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช:

ื”ืžืจืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื

  1. ื”ื–ืŸ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช:

    • ืืชืจ ืืช ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืœื˜ "ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช" ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื™ืจ
    • ื”ืงืœื“ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืžื™ืจ
    • ื”ืžืžื™ืจ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ืขืฉืจื•ื ื™ื™ื
  2. ืฆืคื” ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื”:

    • ื”ื ืคื— ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื” "ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื"
    • ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ืขื ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขืฉืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื“ื™ื•ืง
    • ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื•ืช
  3. ื”ืขืชืง ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” (ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™):

    • ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื›ืคืชื•ืจ "ื”ืขืชืง" ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ืืช ืชื•ืฆืืช ื”ื”ืžืจื” ืœืœื•ื— ืฉืœืš
    • ื–ื” ืžืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืงืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืื• ื‘ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื

ื”ืžืจืช ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืช

  1. ื”ื–ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ืคื— ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื:

    • ืืชืจ ืืช ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืœื˜ "ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื"
    • ื”ืงืœื“ ืืช ื”ื ืคื— ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืžื™ืจ
    • ื”ืžืžื™ืจ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืขืฉืจื•ื ื™ื™ื (ืœืžืฉืœ, 0.25, 1.5)
  2. ืฆืคื” ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื”:

    • ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื” "ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช"
    • ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืขื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื
    • ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื•ืช
  3. ื”ืขืชืง ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” (ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™):

    • ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื›ืคืชื•ืจ "ื”ืขืชืง" ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ืืช ืชื•ืฆืืช ื”ื”ืžืจื” ืœืœื•ื— ืฉืœืš

ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ืžืจื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช

  • ื”ื–ืŸ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื: ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ืขื ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืงืœื˜ ืฉืœืš
  • ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœืš: ื•ื“ื ืฉืืชื” ืžื–ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืคืš
  • ืืžืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช: ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื”ืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš
  • ืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ: ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื”ืžืจื” ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช (20 ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช = 1 ืž"ืœ) ื”ื™ื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื

ืžืงืจื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื

ื”ืžืžื™ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ืžืฉืจืช ืžืกืคืจ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื:

ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื

  1. ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช:

    • ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืคื“ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื™ื
    • ื”ืžืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืžืจืฉื ื•ื›ืœื™ ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื
    • ืžืชืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
    • ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื˜ืคื˜ื•ืฃ IV ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื
  2. ืื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื:

    • ื”ืžืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืช
    • ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ืจืฆื™ื” ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
    • ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœืžืชืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช
  3. ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืจืงื—ืช:

    • ื”ื›ื ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ืขื ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช
    • ื”ืžืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ ืคื•ืจืžื•ืœื”
    • ื‘ืงืจืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช

ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื

  1. ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื™:

    • ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ืื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
    • ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™
    • ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื ืคื— ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช
  2. ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื:

    • ื”ืœื™ืš ื˜ื™ื˜ืจืฆื™ื” ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื•ืกืคื” ื˜ื™ืคื”-ื˜ื™ืคื”
    • ื”ื›ื ืช ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืกื“ืจื™ ื“ื™ืœื•ืœ
    • ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช
  3. ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช:

    • ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืžื“ืข
    • ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื
    • ื”ื“ื’ืžืช ื”ืžืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช

ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื

  1. ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื•ืืคื™ื™ื”:

    • ื”ืžืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ
    • ื”ื•ืกืคื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ืชืžืฆื™ื•ืช, ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืื• ืฆื‘ืขื™ื
    • ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืขื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
  2. ืื™ื™ืจื•ืžืชืจืคื™ื” ื•ืฉืžื ื™ื ืืชืจื™ื™ื:

    • ื“ื™ืœื•ืœ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ืฉืžื ื™ื ืืชืจื™ื™ื
    • ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ืขื ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช
    • ื”ืžืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื
  3. ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช:

    • ืžืชืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื•
    • ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ืจืฆื™ื”
    • ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืกืคืงื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช

ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื

ืื—ื•ืช ืคื“ื™ืื˜ืจื™ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืชืช 0.75 ืž"ืœ ืฉืœ ืกuspension ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง. ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขื ื˜ืคื˜ืคืช ื•ืœื ืขื ืžื–ืจืง. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื:

0.75 ืž"ืœ ร— 20 ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช/ืž"ืœ = 15 ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช

ื”ืื—ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื›ืขืช ืœืชืช ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง 15 ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืžื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ืคื˜ืคืช ืฉืกื•ืคืงื”.

ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื

ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื ืคื—ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื, ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืงืฉืจ ื•ืœื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ:

  1. ืžื™ืงืจื•ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื (ฮผl):

    • 1 ืžื™ืงืจื•ืœื™ื˜ืจ = 0.001 ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื
    • ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ืžืื•ื“
    • ื ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคื™ืคื˜ื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื• ืื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื–ืจืงื” ืžื™ืงืจื•
    • ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื
  2. ืžื™ื ื™ื:

    • ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื ืคื— ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
    • 1 ืžื™ื ื™ืž โ‰ˆ 0.0616 ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื
    • ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื” ืื—ืช
    • ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
  3. ื›ืคื•ืช ืชื” ื•ื›ืคื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ:

    • ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช
    • 1 ื›ืฃ ืชื” โ‰ˆ 5 ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื
    • 1 ื›ืฃ ืื•ื›ืœ โ‰ˆ 15 ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื
    • ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ืžืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ืืš ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืชื™
  4. ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืงื•ื‘ื™ื™ื (cc):

    • 1 cc = 1 ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจ
    • ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช
    • ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื ืคื—ื™ ืžื–ืจืงื™ื
  5. ืื•ื ืงื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื•ืช:

    • ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
    • 1 ืื•ื ืงื™ื” ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช โ‰ˆ 29.57 ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื
    • ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืœืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื ืคื— ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช

ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื•ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื›ื•ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืคื˜ื•ืช, ืžื–ืจืงื™ื ืื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ื ืคื— ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช.

ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช

ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”, ืคืจืžืฆื‘ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืžื“ืข:

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื™ื

ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืžืชื•ืืจืš ืœืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช. ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื, ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ืื ื›ื™ ืœืœื ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”. ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืจื˜ืก (460-370 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”), ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืื‘ ื”ืจืคื•ืื”, ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•.

ืชืงื•ืคืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืจื ืกื ืก

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืืœื›ื™ืžืื™ื ื•ืจื•ืงื—ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื›ื“ืจืš ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ื˜ื™ื™ื. ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื ื•ื–ืœ ื•ืœื˜ืคื˜ืคืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื™-ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช.

ืคืจืงืœืกื•ืก (1493-1541), ืจื•ืคื ื•ืืœื›ื™ืžืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™, ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ืชืจื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจื• ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช.

ืžืืžืฆื™ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19

ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ืจืืชื” ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืคืจืžืฆื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช:

  • ื‘ืฉื ืช 1824, ื”ืคืืจืžืงื•ืคื™ืื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื”, ื•ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื™ื (ื‘ืขืจืš 0.05 ืž"ืœ).
  • ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ืกื™ืคืง ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
  • ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื˜ืคื˜ืคืช ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช.

ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื

ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช:

  • ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช (SI) ืงื‘ืขื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจ ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ืœื ืคื—ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
  • ื˜ืคื˜ืคื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืกืคืง ื‘ืขืจืš 20 ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจ.
  • ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืคื˜ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช.
  • ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืกืคื™ืจืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืคืจื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืคืจืžืฆื‘ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื™ื™ื.

ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื•ืจืืœื™ื•ืช.

ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื, ืื ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื˜ืคื˜ืคืช.

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช

ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื”ื”ืžืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื?

ื”ื”ืžืจื” ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ 20 ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช = 1 ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจ (ืื• 1 ื˜ื™ืคื” = 0.05 ืž"ืœ) ื”ื™ื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื—ื“ืจ ืขื ื˜ืคื˜ืคืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืื• ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฆืžื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ, ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื˜ืคื˜ืคืช ื•ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื›ื•ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืคื˜ื•ืช ืื• ืžื–ืจืงื™ื.

ื”ืื ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื”?

ืœื, ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ. ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื:

  • ืฆืžื™ื’ื•ืช: ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืกืžื™ื›ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื ื™ื ืื• ืกื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืžื™ื
  • ืžืชื— ืฉื˜ื—: ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืขื ืžืชื— ืฉื˜ื— ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
  • ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”: ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื•ืช
  • ืชื•ืกืคื™ื: ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื™ื ืื• ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื”

ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื˜ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 0.05 ืž"ืœ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื˜ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœ-0.06-0.07 ืž"ืœ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœื”.

ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช?

ื”ื”ืžืจื” ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช (20 ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช = 1 ืž"ืœ) ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืืš ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื•ื‘ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจืžืงื•ืคื™ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืžืจื” ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืคื˜ืคื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืืžืช ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.

ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื‘ืœื™ ื˜ืคื˜ืคืช?

ื‘ืœื™ ื˜ืคื˜ืคืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, ืงืฉื” ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืขื ื“ื™ื•ืง ื’ื‘ื•ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืžื” ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช:

  1. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื–ืจืง ืงื˜ืŸ (ืœืœื ืžื—ื˜) ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื ืคื— ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื
  2. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื™ืคื˜ื” ืžื›ื•ื™ืœืช ืื ื–ืžื™ื ื”
  3. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื™ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืคื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื ืคื—ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื

ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื, ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉืกื•ืคืง ืขื ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืื• ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืื™ืฉ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.

ื”ืื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืžื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช?

ื”ืžืžื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืกืคืง ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืžื” ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืขื ื˜ืคื˜ืคื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื™ืœื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืžืจื” ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ 20 ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช = 1 ืž"ืœ. ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืกื•ืคืงื• ืขื ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉืœืš ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืื™ืชื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืกืคืง, ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืื™ืฉ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื• ืจื•ืงื—.

ืื™ืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืชื•ื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช?

ืžื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืกืคืง ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื˜ืคื˜ืคื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 0.05 ืž"ืœ ืœื˜ื™ืคื” ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช. ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืฆืคื” ืžื”ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืœืกืคืง ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช. ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžืคื™ืฅ. ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืกื•ืคืงื• ืขื ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš.

ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ืžื” ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื?

ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืœื• ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื ื™ื ืืชืจื™ื™ื, ืชืžืฆื™ื•ืช ืื• ื˜ืขืžื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉ:

  1. ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื ื•ื—ื” ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœืœื ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
  2. ื–ื” ืžืขืฉื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืชื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืคื˜ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช
  3. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื, ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืขืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื”

ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื•ืื™ื™ืจื•ืžืชืจืคื™ื”, ื”ื”ืžืจื” ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ 20 ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช = 1 ืž"ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืกืคืงืช.

ืื™ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืกืคื™ืจืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื?

ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืกืคื™ืจืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

  1. ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ื™ืคื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื“ืจืš ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช
  2. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืคืœื•ืช
  3. ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืงืœื™ืช ื”ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืžืชื•ื•ืกืคื•ืช

ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืกืคื™ืจื” ืขืงื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื“ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื ื”ืœ IV, ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืจืžืฆื‘ื˜ื™.

ื”ืื ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื”?

ื›ืŸ, ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืขื•ืœื”:

  • ืฆืžื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ืจื“ืช
  • ืžืชื— ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ืจื“
  • ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช

ืืคืงื˜ ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืขืงื‘ื™ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช.

ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ gtt ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืช?

"gtt" ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืœ"ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช", ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช "guttae" ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื“ื”โ€”ื”ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืื•ืชื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”. ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžืจืฉืžื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืคืจืžืฆื‘ื˜ื™ื™ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, "gtt ii" ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ "2 ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช" ื‘ืžืจืฉื.

ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืงื•ื“ ืœื”ืžืจืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื

ื”ื ื” ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช:

1// ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื‘-JavaScript
2function dropsToMilliliters(drops) {
3  return drops * 0.05;
4}
5
6function millilitersToDrops(milliliters) {
7  return milliliters * 20;
8}
9
10// ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ:
11const drops = 15;
12const milliliters = dropsToMilliliters(drops);
13console.log(`${drops} ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช = ${milliliters.toFixed(2)} ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื`);
14
15const ml = 2.5;
16const dropsCount = millilitersToDrops(ml);
17console.log(`${ml} ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื = ${dropsCount} ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช`);
18

ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื

ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ืžืจืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื

ื”ืžืจืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื

1 ื˜ื™ืคื” = 0.05 ืž"ืœ
<!-- ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช -->
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  <animate attributeName="opacity" from="1" to="0.8" dur="2s" repeatCount="indefinite" />
</circle>
1 ืž"ืœ = 20 ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช
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<line x1="-30" y1="-100" x2="-20" y2="-100" stroke="#64748b" strokeWidth="2" />
<text x="-35" y="-95" fontFamily="Arial" fontSize="10" textAnchor="end" fill="#64748b">5 ืž"ืœ</text>

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<text x="-35" y="-75" fontFamily="Arial" fontSize="10" textAnchor="end" fill="#64748b">4 ืž"ืœ</text>

<line x1="-30" y1="-60" x2="-20" y2="-60" stroke="#64748b" strokeWidth="2" />
<text x="-35" y="-55" fontFamily="Arial" fontSize="10" textAnchor="end" fill="#64748b">3 ืž"ืœ</text>

<line x1="-30" y1="-40" x2="-20" y2="-40" stroke="#64748b" strokeWidth="2" />
<text x="-35" y="-35" fontFamily="Arial" fontSize="10" textAnchor="end" fill="#64748b">2 ืž"ืœ</text>

<line x1="-30" y1="-20" x2="-20" y2="-20" stroke="#64748b" strokeWidth="2" />
<text x="-35" y="-15" fontFamily="Arial" fontSize="10" textAnchor="end" fill="#64748b">1 ืž"ืœ</text>

<line x1="-30" y1="0" x2="-20" y2="0" stroke="#64748b" strokeWidth="2" />
<text x="-35" y="5" fontFamily="Arial" fontSize="10" textAnchor="end" fill="#64748b">0 ืž"ืœ</text>
ื”ืžืจื”

ื˜ื‘ืœืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”: ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื

ื˜ื™ืคื•ืชืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื (ืž"ืœ)ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื ืคื•ืฅ
10.05ื˜ื™ืคื” ืขื™ื ื™ืช ืื—ืช
50.25ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืžื“ื•ื“ ืขื ื˜ืคื˜ืคืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
100.50ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื
201.00ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืจื” ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช
402.00ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื ืคื•ืฅ
603.00ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืกื™ืจื•ืค ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™
1005.00ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืฃ ืชื” ืื—ืช
20010.00ืฉืชื™ ื›ืคื•ืช ืชื” / ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฅ
30015.00ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืฃ ืื•ื›ืœ ืื—ืช
40020.00ืืจื‘ืข ื›ืคื•ืช ืชื” / ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื ืคื•ืฆื”

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช

  1. ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™. (2016). "ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืคื•ืจืžื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœ WHO." ื–'ื ื‘ื”: ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.

  2. ื”ืคืืจืžืงื•ืคื™ืื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืจืžื•ืœืจื™ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ (USP 41-NF 36). (2018). ืจื•ืงื•ื•ื™ืœ, MD: ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืคืืจืžืงื•ืคืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.

  3. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืœืคืืจืžืฆื‘ื˜ื™ืงื”. (2020). "ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ (BNF)." ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืคืืจืžืฆื‘ื˜ื™ืงื”.

  4. ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ, ืž. ืœ., & ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืœื”, ื“. ื. (2018). "ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื ืคื— ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ื˜ืคื˜ืคืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื." ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ืœืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืงื—ื•ืช, 31(5), 456-461.

  5. ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืชืงื™ื ื”. (2019). "ISO 8655-5:2002 ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื - ื—ืœืง 5: ื˜ืคื˜ืคื•ืช." ื–'ื ื‘ื”: ISO.

  6. ื•ืืŸ ืกื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืื˜, ืœ., & ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’, ื. (2004). "ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื”." ืกืงืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืชืœืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, 49(2), 197-213.

  7. ืฆ'ืืคืคืœ, ื’. ื., & ืžื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ, ืž. ืž. (1971). "ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืืจืžืฆื‘ื˜ื™ืงื”." ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืืจืžืฆื‘ื˜ื™, 1(5), 3-5.

  8. ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. (2019). "ืคืจืกื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ NIST 811: ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช (SI)." ื’ื™ื™ืชืจืกื‘ื•ืจื’, MD: NIST.

ื ืกื” ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื

ื”ืžืžื™ืจ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ืžืงืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืžืจื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื, ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื. ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื–ืŸ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืื• ืืช ื”ื ืคื— ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื, ื•ืงื‘ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช.

ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื, ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื, ื›ืœื™ ื–ื” ืžืกืคืง ื“ืจืš ืืžื™ื ื” ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื ืคื— ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืืœื•. ืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื”ืžืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.

๐Ÿ”—

ื›ืœื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื

ื’ืœื” ืขื•ื“ ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš

ืžืžื™ืจ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืœืžื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช: ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืžื™ื”

ื ืกื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”

ืžืžื™ืจ ื’ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื•ืœื™ื: ื›ืœื™ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ืžื™ื”

ื ืกื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”

ืžืžื™ืจ CCF ืœื’ืœื•ื ื™ื: ื›ืœื™ ืœืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื ืคื— ืžื™ื

ื ืกื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”

ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื” ื“ืฆื™ืžื˜ืจ ืœืžื˜ืจ: ื”ืžืจืช dm ืœ-m

ื ืกื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”

ืžืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ืฆ' ืœืคraction: ืื™ื ืฆ' ืขืฉืจื•ื ื™ ืœfraction

ื ืกื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”

ืžืžื™ืจ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืœืื™ื ืฆ'ื™ื: ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืจื” ืงืœ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ

ื ืกื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”

ืžืžื™ืจ ื“ืงื’ืจื ืœื’ืจื: ื”ืžืจืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืงืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช

ื ืกื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”

ืžืžื™ืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช: ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืื‘ื•ื’ื“ืจื•

ื ืกื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”