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๐Ÿ“š

ืชื™ืขื•ื“

ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™

ื”ืงื“ืžื”

ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืืช ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืงืœื˜ื™ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ืœื—ืฅ. ืืชื™ืœืŸ (Cโ‚‚Hโ‚„) ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื”, ื•ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง, ืื ื˜ื™ืคืจื™ื– ื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ื‘ื ืช ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื”ื ื“ืกื™ื™ื, ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื, ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคื˜ืจื•ื›ื™ืžื™ ื•ืขื“ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืจ.

ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช (104K ืขื“ 282K) ื•ืœื—ืฆื™ื (1 ืขื“ 100 ื‘ืจ), ื•ืžืกืคืง ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืžื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืขื ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ืœื—ืฅ, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืคืขื•ืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช

ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™

ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืชืื DIPPR (ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืœืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช) ืขื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื—ืฅ. ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืžืกืคืงืช ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ืฉืœ ืืชื™ืœืŸ.

ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ื”ื™ื:

ฯ=Aโ‹…(1โˆ’TTc)nโˆ’Bโ‹…T\rho = A \cdot (1 - \frac{T}{T_c})^n - B \cdot T

ืื™ืคื”:

  • ฯ\rho = ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ (ืง"ื’/ืžยณ)
  • AA = ืžืงื“ื ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ (700 ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืชื™ืœืŸ)
  • TT = ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” (K)
  • TcT_c = ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืชื™ืœืŸ (283.18K)
  • nn = ื—ื–ืง (0.29683 ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืชื™ืœืŸ)
  • BB = ืžืงื“ื ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” (0.8 ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืชื™ืœืŸ)

ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ, ืžื•ื—ืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื—ืฅ:

ฯP=ฯโ‹…(1+ฮบโ‹…(Pโˆ’Pref))\rho_P = \rho \cdot (1 + \kappa \cdot (P - P_{ref}))

ืื™ืคื”:

  • ฯP\rho_P = ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืœื—ืฅ P (ืง"ื’/ืžยณ)
  • ฯ\rho = ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก (ืง"ื’/ืžยณ)
  • ฮบ\kappa = ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ืื™ื–ื•ืชืจืžื™ืช (ื‘ืขืจืš 0.00125 MPaโปยน ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™)
  • PP = ืœื—ืฅ (MPa)
  • PrefP_{ref} = ืœื—ืฅ ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก (0.1 MPa ืื• 1 ื‘ืจ)

ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืชืงืคื•ืช

ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืชืงืฃ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื:

  • ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”: 104K ืขื“ 282K (ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ืฉืœ ืืชื™ืœืŸ)
  • ืœื—ืฅ: 1 ืขื“ 100 ื‘ืจ

ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืืœื•, ืืชื™ืœืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื’ื–ื™ื™ื ืื• ืกื•ืคืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 283.18K ื•-50.4 ื‘ืจ, ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื” ืืชื™ืœืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื ื•ื–ืœ ืกื•ืคืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™.

ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืฉืœื‘-ืื—ืจ-ืฉืœื‘ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ

ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ ืงืœื˜

  1. ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”:

    • ื”ื–ืŸ ืืช ืขืจืš ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ืงืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ (K)
    • ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืชืงืฃ: 104K ืขื“ 282K
    • ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก (ยฐC), ื”ืžืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช: K = ยฐC + 273.15
    • ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ืคืจื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ (ยฐF), ื”ืžืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช: K = (ยฐF - 32) ร— 5/9 + 273.15
  2. ื›ื ื™ืกืช ืœื—ืฅ:

    • ื”ื–ืŸ ืืช ืขืจืš ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ื‘ืจ
    • ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืชืงืฃ: 1 ืขื“ 100 ื‘ืจ
    • ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช:
      • ืž-psi: ื‘ืจ = psi ร— 0.0689476
      • ืž-kPa: ื‘ืจ = kPa ร— 0.01
      • ืž-MPa: ื‘ืจ = MPa ร— 10

ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช

ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื–ื ืช ืขืจื›ื™ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ืœื—ืฅ ืชืงืคื™ื, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื’ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช:

  1. ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™: ืขืจืš ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืง"ื’/ืžยณ
  2. ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”: ื’ืจืฃ ื”ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืขื ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ

ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขืชืงื™ื ืœืœื•ื— ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื”ืžืกื•ืคืง ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ื•"ื—, ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืื• ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.

ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืžื•ืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื’ืจืฃ ื”ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืขื ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื

ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” (K) 100 150 200 250 300

ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช (ืง"ื’/ืžยณ) 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

10 ื‘ืจ 50 ื‘ืจ 100 ื‘ืจ ืœื—ืฅ 10 ื‘ืจ 50 ื‘ืจ 100 ื‘ืจ

ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”

ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ืขื ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ืœื—ืฅ:

ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” (K)ืœื—ืฅ (ื‘ืจ)ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช (ืง"ื’/ืžยณ)
15010567.89
20010478.65
25010372.41
20050487.22
200100498.01

ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื”, ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืคื•ื—ืชืช ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” (ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ืงื‘ื•ืข) ื•ืžืชืจืงืžืช ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืœื—ืฅ (ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”).

ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช

ื”ื ื” ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฉืคื•ืช ืชื›ื ื•ืช:

1def calculate_ethylene_density(temperature_k, pressure_bar):
2    """
3    Calculate the density of liquid ethylene based on temperature and pressure.
4    
5    Args:
6        temperature_k (float): Temperature in Kelvin (valid range: 104K to 282K)
7        pressure_bar (float): Pressure in bar (valid range: 1 to 100 bar)
8        
9    Returns:
10        float: Density of liquid ethylene in kg/mยณ
11    """
12    # Constants for ethylene
13    A = 700
14    Tc = 283.18  # Critical temperature in K
15    n = 0.29683
16    B = 0.8
17    kappa = 0.00125  # Isothermal compressibility in MPaโปยน
18    P_ref = 0.1  # Reference pressure in MPa (1 bar)
19    
20    # Convert pressure from bar to MPa
21    pressure_mpa = pressure_bar / 10
22    
23    # Calculate density at reference pressure
24    rho_ref = A * (1 - temperature_k/Tc)**n - B * temperature_k
25    
26    # Apply pressure correction
27    rho = rho_ref * (1 + kappa * (pressure_mpa - P_ref))
28    
29    return rho
30
31# Example usage
32temp = 200  # K
33pressure = 50  # bar
34density = calculate_ethylene_density(temp, pressure)
35print(f"ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื‘-{temp}K ื•ื‘-{pressure} ื‘ืจ: {density:.2f} ืง"ื’/ืžยณ")
36

ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžืงืจื™ื

ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื

  1. ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืคื˜ืจื•ื›ื™ืžื™:

    • ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืงื•ืง, ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืืชื™ืœืŸ.
    • ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื.
  2. ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืงืจื™ื•ื’ื ื™ืช:

    • ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ืฉืžืจ ื•ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ื ื•ื–ืœ ืงืจื™ื•ื’ื ื™. ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืžื™ื›ืœื™ ื”ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื”.
    • ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืชืจืžื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”.
  3. ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคื•ืœื™ืืชื™ืœืŸ:

    • ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคื•ืœื™ืืชื™ืœืŸ, ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืงืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ.
    • ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืžืื–ืŸ ืžืกื” ื‘ืžืคืขืœื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื.
  4. ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืจ:

    • ืืชื™ืœืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืงืจืจ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื”.
    • ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื.
  5. ื‘ืงืจืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช:

    • ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืื—ืกื•ืŸ.

ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ ืžื—ืงืจ

  1. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื:

    • ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื‘ ื•ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืžืช ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื.
    • ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืชืืžื™ื ืžืฉื•ืคืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื•ืช.
  2. ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื:

    • ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืžืจ.
  3. ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื:

    • ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.

ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื“ืกื™

  1. ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฆื™ื•ื“:

    • ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช, ืฉืกืชื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฆื ืจืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช.
    • ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ.
  2. ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช:

    • ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืกืชื•ืžื™ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืขืจื›ื™ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ืคืขืœื”.
    • ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืœื™ืคื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืžืขืงื‘ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.

ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘

ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืกืคืง ื“ืจืš ื ื•ื—ื” ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช:

  1. ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืช:

    • ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ื ืกื™ื˜ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืื• ืคื™ืงื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืกืคืงืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืš ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
    • ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืง ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืื• ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ.
  2. ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžืฆื‘:

    • ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืคื ื’-ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืŸ, ืกื•ืื‘ื”-ืจื“ืœื™ืš-ืงื•ื•ืื ื’ ืื• SAFT ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืกืคืง ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืขื ื“ื™ื•ืง ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืชื ืื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.
    • ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
  3. ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ NIST REFPROP:

    • ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ NIST ืœืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื (REFPROP) ืžืกืคืง ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื“ื™ื•ืง ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืืš ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ.
  4. ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื•:

    • ืกืคืจื™ ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืขืจื›ื™ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช.
    • ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื ืื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื.

ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ

ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ

ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืชื™ืœืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืคืืจืื“ื™ื™ ืœื™ื›ื“ ืืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1834 ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•.

ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืชืืžื™ื

ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ื•ื”-50, ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฆืžื—ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ. ืžืชืืžื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”, ืขื ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื•ื˜ื•ื•ื—.

ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื. ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืืœื• ืฉื™ืคืจื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื.

ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช

ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืœืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช (DIPPR) ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืชื— ืžืชืืžื™ื ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80. ื”ืžืชืืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื•ื‘ืืžื™ื ื•ืช.

ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืคืฉืจื” ืืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ืœื—ืฅ. ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื’ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื.

ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช

ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช ื’ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื“ื—ื™ืกื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช:

  • ื“ื ืกื™ื˜ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืขื ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืจื•ื˜ื˜
  • ืžืื–ื ื™ ื”ืฉืขื™ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื
  • ืคื™ืงื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืขื ื‘ืงืจืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”
  • ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืงื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืช

ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืืœื• ืกื™ืคืงื• ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืœืื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืชืืžื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื–ื”.

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช

ืžื”ื• ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™?

ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืืชื™ืœืŸ (Cโ‚‚Hโ‚„), ื’ื– ื—ืกืจ ืฆื‘ืข ื•ื“ืœื™ืง ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื•ืœื—ืฅ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™. ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื• ืฉืœ -103.7ยฐC (169.45K) ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ื ื•ื–ืœ. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคื•ืœื™ืืชื™ืœืŸ.

ืžื“ื•ืข ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”?

ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืœื™ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™. ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ื“, ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ืงืฆื‘ ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืžืกื”, ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ื•ื ื•ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ื›ืžื” ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื‘ื ืคื— ื ืชื•ืŸ.

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™?

ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืขื•ืœื”, ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืคื•ื—ืชืช ืขืงื‘ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืชืจืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ. ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช (283.18K), ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื–ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืงืจื™ื•ื’ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื—ืฅ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™?

ืœื—ืฅ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืžืชื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™. ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืงื‘ ื“ื—ื™ืกืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ. ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืืš ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืžืขืœ 50 ื‘ืจ. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืฅ ืœืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.

ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช?

ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช (ื‘ืขืจืš 283.18K ื•-50.4 ื‘ืจ), ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ืœื—ืฅ. ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื ื•ื–ืœ ื•ื’ื– ื ืขืœืžืช ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ืœืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›-214 ืง"ื’/ืžยณ. ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื ืœืกืคืง ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขืงื‘ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”.

ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื’ื–ื™?

ืœื, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 104K ืขื“ 282K ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ 1 ืขื“ 100 ื‘ืจ. ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื’ื–ื™ ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืง ื”ื’ื– ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืขื ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ืื• ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืคื ื’-ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืŸ ืื• ืกื•ืื‘ื”-ืจื“ืœื™ืš-ืงื•ื•ืื ื’.

ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”?

ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืง ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืขื ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื›-ยฑ2% ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื™ื. ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืจื“ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื“ื™ื•ืง ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืื• ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื.

ืื™ืœื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ?

ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช:

  • ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”: ืงืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ (K)
  • ืœื—ืฅ: ื‘ืจ
  • ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช: ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจ ืžืขื•ืงื‘ (ืง"ื’/ืžยณ)

ื”ืื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช?

ื›ืŸ, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ื”ืžืจื” ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

  • ืœื’ืจื/ืกืž"ืง: ื—ืœืง ื‘-1000
  • ืœืคืื•ื ื“/ืจื’ืœ ืžืขื•ืงื‘: ื”ื›ืคืœ ื‘-0.06243
  • ืœืคืื•ื ื“/ื’ืœื•ืŸ (ืืจื”"ื‘): ื”ื›ืคืœ ื‘-0.008345

ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืืชื™ืœืŸ?

ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืืชื™ืœืŸ, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื•:

  • ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ NIST REFPROP
  • ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื™
  • ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืื•
  • ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื DIPPR ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ 801 ืฉืœ AIChE
  • ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ืขืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื‘ ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช

ื”ืคืขืœ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•

ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืžืกืคืง ืขืจื›ื™ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœืš. ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื–ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœืš ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืชืงืคื™ื, ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื™ืงื‘ืข ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืืช ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืชื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœืš.

ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™, ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืžืชืงื ื™ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืื• ืขื•ืจืš ืžื—ืงืจื™ื, ื›ืœื™ ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ืข ื“ืจืš ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื•ืžื”ื™ืžื ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืขืœ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช. ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื” ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ืขื ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื”.

ืœื›ืœ ืฉืืœื” ืื• ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืœื ื•.

๐Ÿ”—

ื›ืœื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื

ื’ืœื” ืขื•ื“ ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš

ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื ืคื— ืœืฉื˜ื— ืœื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื ื•ื–ืœื™

ื ืกื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”

ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืจืฉืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช

ื ืกื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”

ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื™ื—ืก ืžื•ืœื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ืกื˜ื•ื›ื™ื•ืžื˜ืจื™

ื ืกื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”

ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ื“ื™ืœื•ืœ: ืžืฆื ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ

ื ืกื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”

ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืงืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ - ื›ืœื™ ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ืžื™

ื ืกื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”

ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืกื” ืืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช: ืžืฆื ืžืฉืงืœื™ื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื

ื ืกื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”

ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช

ื ืกื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”

ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื’ื•ืจื ื“ื™ืœื•ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ื”

ื ืกื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”